Diz o título de uma matéria na Folha de S. Paulo de hoje que “grupo quer incluir direito à felicidade na Constituição”.
Errou a Folha. Não é isso que o grupo pretende. O que tenta (como fica claro no corpo da matéria) é incluir na Constituição Brasileira o “direito à busca da felicidade” – que está presente na Declaração de Independência dos Estados Unidos desde 1776 (como, novamente, o próprio o corpo da matéria assinala – vide http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/cotidian/ff0606201013.htm).
Enganam-se os proponentes da idéia ao imaginar que a inclusão do direito à busca da felicidade na Constituição Brasileira tornará os brasileiros mais felizes, ou lhes dará alguma base constitucional para exigir do governo que os faça felizes, ou mais felizes. E isso porque a garantia de um direito de buscar a felicidade não implica:
* Que todos queiram buscar a felicidade
* Que aqueles que queiram buscá-la de fato a busquem
* Que aqueles que de fato a busquem tenham competência e sorte suficientes para conquistá-la
Pode o governo fazer alguma coisa para ajudar as pessoas a serem felizes?
Nem a Social-Democracia, com todo o seu otimismo infundado sobre políticas públicas, fala em felicidade: fala em bem-estar. Mas mesmo bem-estar é complicado – e isso porque felicidade ou bem-estar são coisas profundamente subjetivas. O que torna um feliz ou o faz estar bem, não torna o outro feliz ou não o faz estar bem.
Há uma música, chamada “Happiness is”, que era cantada por Ray Conniff e seus cantores, que expressa isso bem:
Happiness is (Happiness is)
Happiness is (Happiness is)
Happiness is (Happiness is)
Different things to different people
That’s what happiness is
To the preacher
It’s a prayer, prayer, prayer
To the Beatles
It’s a "Yeah, Yeah, Yeah"
To the golfer
It’s a hole in one
To the father
It’s a brand new son
Happiness is (Happiness is)
Happiness is (Happiness is)
Happiness is (Happiness is)
Different things to different people
That’s what happiness is
To the beatnik
It’s his beard, beard, beard
To the monster
Something weird, weird, weird
To a night owl
It’s a good days sleep
To the Yankee’s
It’s a four game sweep
Happiness is (Happiness is)
Happiness is (Happiness is)
Happiness is (Happiness is)
Different things to different people
That’s what happiness is
On the desert
It’s a drink, drink, drink
To the show girl
It’s a mink, mink, mink
To the banker
Lots and lots of dough
To a racer
It’s a GTO
Happiness is (Happiness is)
Happiness is (Happiness is)
Happiness is (Happiness is)
Different things to different people
That’s what happiness is
To a sailor
It’s the sea, sea, sea
To my mother
Why, it’s me, me, me
To the birdies
It’s the sky above
But, to my mind
It’s the one I love
Happiness is (Happiness is)
Happiness is (Happiness is)
Happiness is (Happiness is)
Different things to different people
That’s what happiness is
(http://lyricsplayground.com/alpha/songs/h/happinessis.shtml)
Se não me engano houve um comercial na TV americana no final dos anos 60 que usava essa música… Mas não posso dizer com certeza.
O importante é a tese que se repete no refrão: “Happiness is different things to different people” — “A felicidade é uma coisa diferente para cada pessoa”. Sendo assim, é impossível legislar sobre ela ou, para um governo, tomar medidas que garantam que o povo fique mais feliz, ou alcance mais bem-estar.
Consta (é o artigo da Folha que nos diz) que o Gabão foi o primeiro país a criar, para comparar com o Produto Interno Bruto (PIB), um índice de Felicidade Interna Bruta (FIB). Na Wikipedia há um artigo sobre “Gross National Happiness” (GNH), do qual vale a pena citar o preâmbulo (Vide http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_national_happiness):
“The concept of gross national happiness (GNH) was developed in an attempt to define an indicator that measures quality of life or social progress in more holistic and psychological terms than gross national product or GDP. As a chief economic indicator, GDP has numerous flaws long known to economists. GDP measures the amount of commerce in a country, but counts remedial and defensive expenditures (such as the costs of security, police, pollution clean up, etc.) as positive contributions to commerce. A better measure of economic well-being would deduct such costs, and add in other non-market benefits (such as volunteer work, unpaid domestic work, and unpriced ecosystem services) in arriving at an indicator of well-being. As economic development on the planet approaches or surpasses the limits of ecosystems to provide resources and absorb human effluents, calling into question the ability of the planet to continue to support civilization (per the arguments of Jared Diamond, among others), many people have called for getting "Beyond GDP" (the title of a recent EU conference) in order to measure progress not as the mere increase in commercial transations, nor as an increase in specifically economic well-being, but as an increase in general well-being as people themselves subjectively report it. GNH is a strong contributor to this movement to discard measurements of commercial transactions as a key indicator and to instead directly assess changes in the social and psychological well-being of populations.
The term was coined in 1972 by Bhutan‘s former King Jigme Singye Wangchuck, who has opened up Bhutan to the age of modernization, soon after the demise of his father, King
Jigme Dorji Wangchuk. He used the phrase to signal his commitment to building an economy that would serve Bhutan’s unique culture based on Buddhist spiritual values. At first offered as a casual, offhand remark, the concept was taken seriously, as the Centre for Bhutan Studies, under the leadership of Kaarma Uru, developed a sophisticated survey instrument to measure the population’s general level of well-being. The Canadian health epidemiologist Michael Pennock had a major role in the design of the instrument, and uses (what he calls) a "de-Bhutanized" version of the survey in his work in Victoria, British Columbia.
Like many psychological and social indicators, GNH is somewhat easier to state than to define with mathematical precision. Nonetheless, it serves as a unifying vision for Bhutan’s five-year planning process and all the derived planning documents that guide the economic and development plans of the country. Proposed policies in Bhutan must pass a GNH review based on a GNH impact statement that is similar in nature to the Environmental Impact Statement required for development in the U.S.
While conventional development models stress economic growth as the ultimate objective, the concept of GNH is based on the premise that some forms of economic development are "uneconomic", a concept that is advanced by the nascent field of ecological economics. Such development costs more in loss of ecosystem services, and in the imposition of "urban disamenities," than it produces as a positive contribution to well-being. (The difficulty, of course, is that for many forms of development, the gains are taken privately, while the costs the development imposes are born generally and publicly.)
The Bhutanese grounding in Buddhist ideals suggests that beneficial development of human society takes place when material and spiritual development occur side by side to complement and reinforce each other. The four pillars of GNH are the promotion of sustainable development, preservation and promotion of cultural values, conservation of the natural environment, and establishment of good governance. At this level of generality, the concept of GNH is transcultural—a nation need not be Buddhist in order to value sustainable development, cultural integrity, ecosystem conservation, and good governance”.
Infelizmente não tenho tempo para traduzir essa interessante abordagem.
Resta mencionar o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) criado pelo Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento (PNUD/UNDP). Ele também se pretende um índice que seja usado ao lado do PIB. Inclui, além do desenvolvimento econômico, o desenvolvimento social (programas de saúde e educação) e o desenvolvimento político (garantia de liberdades individuais).
Mas IDH alto não é garantia de felicidade – nem mesmo de bem-estar.
Se fosse, os ricos, que têm dinheiro, têm acesso a excelentes programas de saúde e educação, e têm seus direitos individuais geralmente respeitados, seriam todos felizes. Sabemos que nem todos são.
As seguintes questões estão postas para discussão:
1) É possível chegar a um consenso a respeito de uma definição operacional de felicidade?
2) Supondo que sim, será possível medir o grau de felicidade das pessoas de forma razoavelmente objetiva, que não dependa apenas do relato das pessoas, e que possa servir para a criação de um Índice de Felicidade Nacional?
3) Supondo que sim, haverá ações que um governo possa tomar para elevar o Índice de Felicidade Nacional de um país?
Em São Paulo, 6 de Junho de 2010